The Interference Colors And Why Are Bubbles So Colorful - 550 Words

Write About The Interference Colors And Why Are Bubbles So Colorful (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Tutor:Course:Date:Interference colorsArguably, Interference colors are formed when there is an obstruction or an interference between two reflected light rays that can either be fast and slow, and when light is passing through an anisotropic surface (Roddaro 2707). As a result of the perceived obstruction, different colors are produced depending on the wavelength of the light and the thickness of the surface. Inference colors refers to those colors that are visible when a thin section placed between two polarizing film pieces are rocked (Roddaro 2709). In essence, Interference colors offers a wide range of reflective features when viewed from diverse angles. Correspondingly, Interference colors occurs due to the differences recorded in the refractive index of light, light speed, thickness of the anisotropic material and the retardation processes (Roddaro 2710). The interpretation of interference colors is carried out using a variety of color charts found in most standardized books and related articles (Roddaro 2711). The reoccurrences of Interference colors is common depending on the thickness of the reflective surface. Birefringence is a term used to describe the dissimilarities that exists between the refractive indices of two reflected rays and is therefore not an observable property (Sun and Yinlong 64). As a result, the Interference colors is the only observable indicator of birefringence that uses primarily the polychromatic lights. Other scientists will also argue that Interference colors are a product of inequality in the transmission of the white light reflected under the anisotropic minerals (Sun and Yinlong 64). In a nutshell, the occurrence of Interference colors primarily depends the thickness of the mineral component (anisotropic), the refractive differences that exists between two light indices (Birefringence) and the alignment of the crystals in relation to the polarized surfaces. Reasons why bubbles have colorsContrary to t he various perceptions majority of the people have concerning colors in rainbows or soap bubbles, the observed colors are primarily attributed to the concept of light reflection and refraction (Boys and Charles 23). For example, a bubble always reflect the color of the surrounding explaining the reasons for the many colors in it. This happens when a light wave strikes the surface of bubbles resulting into reflection of some of the light to the eyes of the viewer. Notably, the white light is a combination of all the colors observed in rainbows explaining why there are many colors observed in the reflected light (Boys and Charles 27). As the two reflected lights travels back, they further obstruct each other leading to the formation of colors. As the two waves strengthens each other, the formed color becomes more intensified until the waves cancels each other out resulting into an almost colorless interface (Boys and Charles 28). With time, the walls of the bubbles gets narrower, prim arily due to gravitational forces or from weak solutions, the distance separa...

British Imperialism - 1497 Words

Within this piece of writing, I am aiming to reach a conclusive, decisive answer to the extent of which geographical knowledge such as navigation, cartography and exploration allowed for the emergence and rule of British imperialism. What were some of the key ideas and visualizations that geographers portrayed to their empires, to understand and perceive the world and places in a more complete sense? Firstly, I am looking to go over the history of British imperialism and what constituted their great success. Secondly, I will be referring to the support and importance that the Royal Geographic Society served to the empire and how they attempted to conceptualize imperialism and rule over nations. Lastly, I will be assessing some of the key†¦show more content†¦Due to these advancements many voyagers and explorers could benefit dramatically through improved mathematical and navigational prospects and the ability to describe new landscapes and people in a far more complex manner . These advancements became noticeable with the implementation of the new mercantilist Atlantic trading system, that allowed for the linkage of the emerging, growing nation-states of western Europe to the ever-expanding American continent. The most rapid rate of imperial expansion occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries, mainly due to the industrial revolution that allowed for new mechanised industries, driven by steam power therefore acting synergetic with increasing flows of global capital, structured around a need for new markets, access to new raw materials and new opportunities to invest profit and surplus. The empire managed to gain productivity and efficiency allowing for greater investment into naval powers and geographical intelligence. Perhaps this led to, according to Stoddart, one of the most important pivots in the development of modern geography, namely the first successful sailing into the Pacific by James Cook in 1769. Geography as a subject was beginning to develop from a practical, navigational skill that simply allowed for scientific discovery to aShow MoreRelatedEssay On British Imperialism1198 Words   |  5 PagesConsolidating the British Empire: The British Empire was an empire on which the sun never set. Lasting for over three hundred years, Britain became the global hegemonic power of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. From the wilds of Australia, to the fertile lands of Africa, the British Empire ruled over a quarter of the world’s population. With the empire ever expanding, visual and material culture became relied upon to help consolidate the empire. Overall, whether an advertisement for soapRead MoreBritish Imperialism1137 Words   |  5 PagesAdam Dees Dr. Herman WOH1030 2 April 2015 Impact of British Imperialism In the late 1800’s, European nations only controlled about 10 percent of the continent of Africa, France to the north and Britain to the south (Edgar, 2008). As time goes by, other countries gain conquests, mostly in western areas of Africa. This essay will go over a few key points in history that led to the Age of Imperialism and the British colonization of Southern Africa. The essay will also identify key players inRead More British Imperialism in India and China Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesBritish Imperialism in India and China Imperialism is the domination of a weaker country by a stronger country. For instance Britain dominated India and China in the mid 1880s to the beginning of the 20th century. Imperialism has had both a positive and negative effects on the countries involved. Britain was imperialistic for many reasons, it could dominate because it had the technology and power to do so. They also needed land to acquire raw materials for growing markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One countryRead More British Imperialism Essay1516 Words   |  7 PagesBritish Imperialism In many respects, the Boer War resembles the struggle toward globalization a century later that Friedman describes in The Lexus and the Olive Tree. The British, with their more advanced industry and technology, attempted to pull the Boer Republics away from the Olive tree and into the new global economy, golden straightjacket and all. The British Empire had much at stake in the conflict, and eventually achieved its main goals. It protected its holding at Cape Town, whichRead MoreNineteenth-Century British Imperialism Essay544 Words   |  3 Pages Were Economic Factors Primarily Responsible for Nineteenth-Century British Imperialism?nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In society today the almighty dollar is what motivates most people’s actions. However, there are other reasons that can promote a change within a system such as morals, religious beliefs, values, and ethics. During the nineteenth century, society was not much different from that of the present day as the economy remains one of the most important partsRead MoreBritish Empire: What is Imperialism? Essay2049 Words   |  9 PagesImperialism is defined as relationships that are unequal between two humans or territories. This is usually based on concepts of authority and the articulation of dominance over a particular territory. It comprises of the extension of control and regulation of one state over another nation. The British has been known to be a colonial power that has always practiced dominance over many states particularly in Africa. 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After ridding of French influence in India during the Seven Years’ War and having Indians mutiny against British rule, Britain gained full control of India. India has been under the imperialist control of the British until their independence in 1947. British imperialism caused some negative effects on India through poverty and persecution, but retained moreRead MoreImpact of British Imperialism on Malaya1320 Words   |  6 PagesCommonwealth countries, which means Malaysia was one of the British colonies. Malaysia was under British powers for approximately 446 years (from 1511 until 1957) The Portuguese, Dutch, British, Japanese even Siamese had colonized Malaya before. 1. Portuguese: 1511-1641 2. Dutch: 1641-1824 3. British: 1824-1942, 1945-1957 4. Siamese: 1821-1909 5. Japanese: 1942-1945 The British first came in the late 1700s. In the late 18th century, the British East India Company traded in and partially controlledRead MoreMotives for British Imperialism in Africa5664 Words   |  23 PagesMotives for British Imperialism in Africa Before the Europeans began the New Imperialism in Africa, very little was known about the inner parts of the continent. However, after some explorers delved deeper into the heart of Africa, the Europeans soon realized how economically important this area was, and how much they could profit from it. At the time, Britain had only small occupations of land in Africa, but after they realized that they could make money from the rich resources from the inner regions

Edf Energy - 1132 Words

EDF Energy My individual seminar paper is written on EDF Energy. This is one of UK’s largest energy companies and its large producer of low carbon electricity. They generate around one fifth of the UK’s electricity. They supply electricity and gas to around 5.5 million residential and business customers, making them the biggest supplier of electricity by volume. The market segments they target; 1. They target individual home owners through SME. 2. They also target business organisations like Heathrow and major businesses like Tesco. Customer Value Before i go further let me touch on a brief introduction on customer value, customer value can be defined as the difference between what a customer gets from a product and what he or†¦show more content†¦7. There is the Green service, which is aimed at supporting renewable energy in the UK, by helping to fund renewable energy projects in the UK, free energy efficiency guide and free home audit. 8. There is the Annual fix version 4, which protects customers against unexpected price rises. The prices are checked and renewed every year, so that they are always fixed at a competitive rate and is also available for a limited period. 9. Lastly there is the Fixed price 2015 service that helps customers secure their energy prices for the next 5years, and is said to be the longest fixed price tariff in the UK and is also available for a limited period. Current Pressures on the Supply Chain 1. Sustainability ; this has to do with maximizing and maintaining public and customer trust, it requires demonstrable and provable levels of transparency, accountability and integrity on the part of the company. 2. Complying with regulations and reporting requirements; the regulatory landscape can be particularly complex for utility companies. Not only do they have to conduct operations in a variety of regulatory and tax regimes but they also have big upfront investment needs, which often go hand in hand with great uncertainty about long-term outcomes. 3. Improving performance and operational effectiveness. 4. Managing financial risks; theShow MoreRelatedThe Impacts Coal-Fired Power Plants on the Environment 1878 Words   |  7 Pages(Time Incorportation , 2014). Despite Beijing’s support for renewable energy, coal is so popular in China because it is extremely cheap (Time Incorportation , 2014). This is why China and other growing count ries are unlikely to turn away from coal despite the environmental and health impacts (Time Incorportation , 2014). What patterns are observable in relation to the problem? Coal power has been the dominant source of energy used to fuel the rapid economic development of China in the past twoRead MoreForeign Direct Investment ( Fdi )1672 Words   |  7 PagesYoung LLP, 2016). 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This report will compare between two electricity generation and they are Coal and Solar power whichRead MoreFossil Fuel And Fossil Fuels1485 Words   |  6 PagesDepartment of Energy, when these ancient living plants and animals died they decomposed and became buried under layers and layers of mud, rock, and sand (2013). Throughout millions of years, they slowly decomposed into organic material. Depending on what combination of animal and plant debris, different types of fossil fuels were formed. Fossil fuels were converted into coal, oil, and natural gas (U.S Department of Energy, 2013). Fossil fuels are considered to be non-renewable energy. Fossil FuelsRead MoreThe Green Energy Act Of 2009933 Words   |  4 PagesSolar Photovoltaic is part of the green energy movement in Canada. In Ontario, there was legislation called the Green Energy Act of 2009. This Act called for the transition from dirty fossil fuels to more clean energy. 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Impact of Online Music Streaming on the Industry free essay sample

A Claim for Streaming When speaking economically, the digital music sector of the international music industry is undoubtedly the most important sector in the industry. Within the last decade, music has seen cardinal changes In the way both major and independent labels distribute their products. An industry that once relied on Payolas and mass distribution of physical records and Cads now relies heavily on the power of the Internet. The first Instance of mass distribution of music through the Internet was by the service Radiometric. Com in 1998 Radiometric had a library of over 300,000 songs, offering individual songs for 99 cents each and albums for $9. 99. After signing distribution deals with many major music labels such as Warner Pros, Sony, and universal, it was clear that the market for selling music online was opening up.The year following Arithmetics inception, the peer-to-peer file sharing service named Anapest opened Its virtual doors to listeners across the world at the price of nothing At its peak, Anapest had over 80 million users across the globe The services popularity sparked a great deal of controversy, as the artists whose music was being downloaded for free felt they deserved to be compensated. Naturally, dozens of lawsuits followed, resulting in Anapests peer-to-peer file sharing system to be shut down.However, Anapest was able to make somewhat of a comeback by competing in todays ever popular music streaming Industry, which allows for users to listen to music at a monthly fee or for free, all the while compensating artists. However, artists still feel they are being compensated at too low of a rate. Clearly, there is still friction In the industry between the consumers and producers. So the question remains, what are record executives doing to fix the problem with the products they are putting out?Before diving into this question and finding some resolve, there are two Important changes In the industry that must be Identified. First, and most importantly, the incentives of the consumers have changed. The industry has made fundamentally drastic changes because of services like Anapest, and many other torrent sharing websites. There are still a large number of people who prefer to buy music, as shown by Apples tunes music store recently reaching a grand total of 25 billion downloads to date [4].However, there is a large and significant group who prefer to download music for free because they simply cannot afford to fuel their passion for the art by paying for it. And because legislation regarding copyright infringement and digital piracy has changed peoples decision whether to pirate or buy music marginally at best, Individuals are driven to continue downloading music for free. Put simply, a large group of individuals incentives drive them to download music for free. Second, the supply and demand models In the Industry have changed.Before music could be formatted digitally, there was theoretically a finite number of times one could purchase a physical copy off single or album. This drove up the price of NY given product, which could be predicted by the respective labels. Individuals rushed to the nearest record store to buy the new album from their favorite artist quickly before the next die-hard did. Because of this, one could expect to pay up to twenty dollars for an album. This is far from the case today. Despite storage capacity, there is theoretically no limit to how many times one can download a song.There is not a finite supply. Thus, the price of the product has gone down. One can now expect to pay between ten and twelve dollars for an album. Clearly, record labels are at odds with their consumers, and the market for researched music is playing against them. The price of the product has gone down while individuals are obtaining the products for free at all time highs. The question remains: how can record labels and artists alike profit from a market that is working against them? Fortunately for the producers, and the consumers, there may be a few solutions.Julian Sanchez, research fellow at the Coat Institute, provides an interesting outlook on the issue of piracy, and what should be done. He compares the actions taken in the movie and television industry to prevent piracy by stating: As he success of services like Hull and Nettling suggests, consumers are only too happy to pay for content thats made available in a convenient form, and at a reasonable price. If the content industries want a genuinely effective way to reduce global piracy, they should spend less time and money lobbying for new regulations, and focus on providing innovative services that make piracy unattractive. 5] Producers of musical content cannot undo the adverse effects that piracy has had on the industry. Because of the internet and the way individuals have manipulated it to obtain music, many people are unwilling to change their habits. Here lies the issue between the producer and the consumer. Acts like the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOAP) and PROTECT Intellectual Property Act (APIPA) work against the incentive of many consumers by telling them that they cannot do what maximizes their utility.Producers are thus working against the likings of the consumer. This is wrong. There have been, however, a number of efforts to play to these likings, and actually squeeze profits out of those consumers who prefer not to pay. Streaming content has been very successful in this regard. The music video service VIVO is one very good example. The service uploads music videos in partnership with major labels and obtains revenue through advertising. Many videos have reached over hundreds of millions of views.Clearly the consumer is taking advantage of the fact that they can listen for free, while the producer is creating some form of revenue. Although the revenue is not coming directly from the music itself, it is an innovative way of creating revenue while keeping in mind the incentive of the consumer. There are also services that offer or require monthly fees to listen to content. These services come in many forms, but in most cases the consumer can not only sites to as much content as they want but can also have a choice in a familiar format.The streaming service Spottily may be the best example. Spottily allows its users to stream as much content as they want for free, while playing adverts in between every few plays. Users are also given the option to sign up for a Premium advertisement free. This service is innovative because it caters to the wants and needs of both the producer and consumer in new ways. There are a number of services that provide a similar or practically the same service as Spottily, with millions of users taking advantage of the opportunity. ] Time Magazines Eliot Van Buskins argues that streaming content may not only improve the quality of the content, but attract listeners for longer periods of time as Nell. He states: By paying out only when people actually listen instead of suckering fans into buying something only to leave it on the shelf, Spottily, OMG, Radio, Rhapsody, and other on-demand unlimited music services build an incentive into the music business to create works of lasting value And now, for perhaps the first time ever, [musics] economics favor long-term quality over a flashy first impression. 7] An dusty that once relied on massively popular singles that moved off the shelves quickly and vanished into obscurity after a short amount of time could potentially be susceptible to major changes, argues Van Buskins. As on-demand streaming services attract more users, consumers will begin to be accustomed to paying less and less for the content. Because more people are shifting to services that require much less money for use, or plays, labels will have to shift their practices and play to the fact that more plays equals more revenue.As Van quirks states Its no longer enough to convince fans to buy a disc once; instead, artists and labels have to turn them into lifelong fans. [8] When the product is used more, producers will earn more, and at the same time potentially creating the solution to what might be called musics quality problem. [9] In this case, both the producers and consumers are happier. Matt Mason, executive director of marketing for Bitterroot, makes a similar claim stating that Theres a new business model for every piece of content you releaseInstead of running an ad and trying to convince someone to buy a song or an album immediately, musicians need to focus on building a relationship, then in six months they can sell their fans a t-shirt or a digital download -? and hopefully continue selling to those fans for the rest of their career. [10] This essentially reiterates Van Buskins claim that a long lasting relationship with the consumer through a high quality good is necessary for generating revenue for both the artist and labels, while catering to the artistic needs of the consumer.On-demands streaming influence is becoming so prevalent that even Apples tunes is attempting to stake its claim in the market. The fact that a service like tunes, whose influence on the online music industry needs no introduction, is attempting to become a part of this means of dist ribution should in itself say that a change to online streaming services is becoming the key source of revenue for record labels. [1 1] The influence of music streaming online on the industry as a whole is becoming more and more present.

White Teeth an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

White Teeth Zadie Smith's White Teeth is a pleasantly dissonant story that extends through twenty-five years of two families' assimilation in North London. The book fittingly narrates a multi-ethnic description of London in White Teeth, as any other kind of description would not have made sense. The story blends pathos and humour, all the while illustrating the dilemmas of immigrants and new generation immigrants as they face a new, and very different social system. One can easily notice certain qualities and negativities about different cultures while they are contrasted in a different culture. Middle and working-class British cultures are also lampooned through the characters of the Chalfens and Archie. Though the story moves through different time frames, it focuses mainly on the parents and children of the culturally and ethnically diverse families. Need essay sample on "White Teeth" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Usually Tell Us: Who wants to write essay for me? Essay writers suggest: Essaylab.Com Offers A Top-Quality Academic Essay Collage Papers For Sale Affordable Papers Review Custom Writing Service Cheap Essay Writing Service This book also investigates the concepts of human relationship. Archie and Samad remain good friends in spite of the failed relationships of their families and culture. "the kind of friendship an Englishman makes on holiday, that he can make only on holiday. A friendship that crosses class and color, a friendship that takes as its basis physical proximity and survives because the Englishman assumes the physical proximity will not continue." Magid and Millat, though real brothers, do not like eachothers ways and never become affable as they had been seperated in their childhood at their fathers stance to keep at least one of them attached to his roots. Samad wants to preserve his cultural heritage in a city like London where he sees rotten culture and values. "You would get nowhere telling him... that the first sign of tooth decay is something rotten, something degenerate, deep within the gums. Roots were what saved, the ropes one throws out to rescue drowning me, to Save their Souls." He tells Magid, "You'll thank me in the end. This country's no good. We tear each other apart in this country." While the fact is that the country where he has his roots is mired by violence. In another incidence, Magid and Millat catch Samad with Poppy; he notices their white teeth biting into two waxy apples. In this section, Samad represents Eve, biting into the forbidden fruit, named Poppy his sons teacher. In an image that amplifies S amads wrongdoing, Magid and Millat eat the apples, the very sign of original sin. Samads example prompts his children for similar transgression. Molars are the teeth that help chew the food to absorb it. The title of the section Molars implies that Magid and Millat, the two brothers are digesting what their father does and learning from it. FutureMouse is a middle character and pushes the story forward in White Teeth. FutureMouses life has been programmed and designed by Marcus Chalfen, but it escapes, apparently to map out its own life. In this sense FutureMouse has a similar drive as the other persons in the story, Magid, Millat and Irie. "No other roads, no missed opportunities, no parallel possibilities. No second-guessing, no what-ifs, no might-have-beens. Just certainty. Just certainty in its purest form." All the characters appear to look for the new dimensions in the new century life and test those as framework for tranquility and contentment. The book presents a sort of ideological break down, where post-sixties "Chalfenism" goes directly against the Islamism of Millat's KEVIN group (Keepers of the Eternal and Victorious Islamic Nation), the apocalyptic Christian conservatism of "Bowdenism" and the vegan dreams of the animal rights movement. Smith ridicules evenly all her characters, upholding a wry, slightly world-weary point of view that spares none and delivers no meticulous solution, creating instead a sort of carnival of confusion, a delight in the sheer intricacy of cause and effect that evolve the characters in the book. Smith presents three different expressions of fundamentalism, cautiously seperating them from fundamentals. In the first two, KEVIN "an extremist faction dedicated to direct, often violent action, a splinter group frowned on by the rest of the Islamic community; popular with the sixteen-to-twenty-five age group; feared and ridiculed in the press." and FATE, many members have concealed intentions. For example, Millats wants to be a gangster, and some members, such as Mo Hussein-Ishmael, join just to gain status. Similarly, Joshua and other members of FATE are involved just to get closer to either Jolie or Crispin. Thus though, they appear to be together for a declared cause, however all of them have different agendas. Smith has very intelligently exposed the reality of real life such organizations. On the other hand, Hortense and Ryan Topps believe sincerely in being Jehovahs Witnesses, and are happy living unspectacular, secluded lives with little excitement. They are real fundamentalists without any ulterior motives. Again Smith has shown the life styles of true believers. All of the types of fundamentalism in the book compare with the routine lives of Archie and Samad. The narrow views of all the fundamentalist groups are exposed at the Future mouse conference. Their only objective is to make others understand their viewpoint, and their participation with fundamentalism detaches them from each other: Millat from Magid, Joshua from Marcus, and Ryan from developing a normal relationship with a woman. In White Teeth, the writer brings up the age-old Nature/Nurture discussions, which are rooted in the biological sciences. Considering Smith's handling of the twins, Magid and Millat, one might wrap up with that she prefers nurture to nature--that is, experience over the intrinsic. While the two brothers are genetically similar, they are otherwise absolutely different. Magid is academic and respectful, while Millat is neglected and defiant. Since they are alike twins, their differences must be ascribed to their experiences: Magid's formative years in Bangladesh and Millat's at home. Smith presents another similar dichotomy with Joyce and Marcus. Joyce is a nurturer and Marcus is a believer in nature. Joyce is an avid horticulturalist and mother; she thinks she can take an errant teenager such as Millat and change him as a well-behaved person just like nurturing any of the plants. She points Millat and Irie's inadequacies due to missing of a strong father figure, implying that they wer e not nurtured properly. At the same time, she ignores her own son Joshua, and thus not cultivating him, she lets him grow "wild." Marcus symbolizes the nature side of the Nature/Nurture discussion. He dedicates his life to the proposal that altering something's nature alters it permanently. He makes sure that the FutureMouse mouse cannot flight its nature, which is to build up the cancers he plans into its genes. Archie is always leaving his most important decisions up to toss of a coin: to kill or not to kill Perret, whether Magid and Millat should join up again, and whether or not he should commit suicide. Even when he had to shoot Perret and in turn is shot in his leg from his own gun by Perret, he exclaims, "For fuckssake, why did you do that? It's tails. See? It's tails. Looks. Tails. It was tails." Since little motivates Archie to the point of taking a decision, relinquishing control of his life satisfies him. Thus, it is totally unexpected of him when he jumps in front of Millat's gun in the book's last moment. Archie's indecisive attempts of suicide and his spontaneous choice to risk his life at the Fut ureMouse conference, shows how significantly Archie builds up throughout the book. And finally, instead of leaving his decisions to a coin, Archie gambles by trusting himself. It gives him lot of contentment to know that he has truly and resolutely saved a life. Smith's multicultural cast of personalities is a cross-section of todays London. In the simplest sense, there is a blend of English, Jamaicans, and Bengalis. However, Smith is too practical in her assessments of human character to leave the issue of race and ethnicity so clear-cut. Her actors are struck up between different cultures. When Clara is a teenager she, like Millat, is fascinated by her parents' tradition. When she strays from her legacy the first time, her teeth are broken. When she wanders a second time by marrying Archie, Hortense disowns her. Millat faces similar fate when he strays from Samad's preparation for him to have traditional, Bengali views. Samad calls him a "good-for-nothing" while adoring Magid. As a reverse action, Millat becomes a militant fundamentalist. "He's a Pande deep down. And there's mutiny in his blood." Incongruously, he draws inspiration from a movie the Godfather. Therefore, rather than following Pande, he emulates Pacino. While Samad himself i s a hypocrite when he comments, "To the pure all things are pure." Magid is also wedged between cultures, but strays in the opposite direction. He finds motivation in the worldly, embracing genetic engineering as the new form of God. Irie is trapped between cultures in her very genetics, as she is Jamaican as well as English. Unlike Samad, Archie and Clara dont want to force their child to embrace a certain cultural heritage. As said in the book "A legacy is not something you can give or take by choice, and there are no certainties in this sticky business of inheritance." Other demonstrations of mixed ethnicity in the novel include Samad's restaurant, where the food is so anglicized it is no longer Indian, and O'Connell's, an Irish pub run by a Muslim from Middle East, with a manifestly American nickname. Today, Britain, and especially London, is a professed cultural collage. However, as British MP Diane Abbott says, For millions of people all over the world, Britain is the land of tradition, the Royal Family, Beefeaters, Bobbies on the beat and, above all, white people. In much of Middle America, it comes as a shock for them to hear that there any black people in Britain at all. By including English, Bengalis, and Jamaicans in her descriptions, Smith presents a true account of British diversity. Furthermore, Smith is right to recognize the racial tensions that originate from cross-cultural and cross-class relationships, inclduing Alsanas lack of trust for the Chalfens, Samads aspirations to raise his sons in Bangladesh, and Joyce Chalfens supposition that Irie cannot have inherited her understanding from her working-class parents. Abbott might even say that by writing White Teeth, Smith contributes in the movement to make Britain, a more open, more multi-racial society than ever before. And one where different races and cultural influences are beginning to be positively acknowledged and given equal respect. Infact, at the end of the book, ethnicity, cultures, class, and customs mix homogeneously. Iries daughter, symbol of the candid future, is an afro-Carribean, a white English, and Bengali. White Teeth forces the reader to question their viewpoints and judgments on racial discrimination, miscegenation, gender roles, and history. References Smith Zadie(2000); White Teeth; Hamish Hamilton; England

Howard Beckers Labelling Theory

Howard Beckers Labelling Theory Introduction Since the beginning of human civilization, criminal activity has plagued human society. Over the centuries, the society has taken steps to respond to this vice that threatens the moral fabric of the society. The most significant step in combating crime has been in the establishment of a criminal justice system that deals with criminals by imposing relevant punishments. In spite of the presence of a functional criminal justice system, crime has continued to increase in the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Howard Beckers Labelling Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sociologists and criminology scholars have tried to address this problem by coming up with theories that seek to explain the root of crime and therefore offer ways of controlling it. One of the theories developed to explain crime and criminality is the Labelling Theory by Howard Becker. This theory stresses on the social process thr ough which certain acts and people are labelled as deviant. This paper will explain in detail Howard Beckers Labelling Theory and its view of Crime and Criminality. Becker’s Labelling Theory Labelling theory emerged as a dominant theory on crime during the 1960s and it challenged the traditional view of positivist criminology that regarded crime to be caused of factors such as moral development and personality. This theory also seeks to analyze what happens to individuals after they have been given the label of criminal by the society. Beckers theory builds on the works of the criminologist and sociologist, Frank Tannenbaum who declared that tagging, identifying, and segregating are the processes through which criminals are made. Tannenbaum suggested that because of this labelling, an individual is compelled to become the very thing he/she is perceived to be (Plummer 2000). Through his theory, Howard Becker argued that the society, which dictates the actions that should be re garded as deviance and the ones that should not, is the creator of deviance. Becker (1963) articulated the labelling theory by asserting, Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders (p.9). In the Labelling Theory, emphasis is placed not in the behaviour itself but in the response that the behaviour gets from other people. By studying the process through which people become deviant, Becker noted that social control agencies such as the police and courts are created to label people as outside the normal, law-abiding community. Becker (1963) also noted that the social group that creates deviance is usually the middle or upper class. This is because economic or political power has to be possessed in order for ones views to be heard or enforced (Regoli 2009). When developing this theory, Becker was engaged in a study that focused on marijuana use and its control a nd he analyzed how the political power worked to give marijuana use a deviant label.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Becker sought to discover the consequences that the application of the label of deviant had on the individual labelled. He noted that specific behaviour is not in itself deviant or normal; rather, people define it as such by applying labels to it and defining it in a certain way. The social authorities such as police officers, teachers, judges, and religious teachers, give the label deviance on certain behaviour (Walklate 2007). Becker notes that the social audience who make the rules as to what is deviance also applies it on certain individuals who become outsiders once this label is attributed to them. Becker (1963) insisted on the differentiation between rule-breaking behaviour and deviance. He states that the term deviant is a label applied to some indiv iduals by a part of society and not all rule-breaking behaviour is regarded as deviant. On the other hand, not all who are labelled as deviant might be guilty of rule breaking. The theory also revealed that acts are not generalized as deviant or normal: the level to which an act will be regarded as deviant is sometimes dictated by the social status or race of the person who commits the act. To demonstrate this point, Becker illustrated how juvenile delinquents from a middle-class background were less likely to be processed through the legal process compared to similar offenders from the slum areas. Labelling Theory’s View on Crime The theory reveals that the application of labels increases the level of crime since it turns certain people into outsiders. Mesmaecker (2010) observes that it only takes one criminal offense for someone to be labelled a criminal. This label might last for a lifetime with dire repercussions for the individual. Becker (1963) notes that the society al ways perceives the labelled person as guilty and this can be seen from the police habit of rounding up known offenders when they are investigating a current crime. Because of the label, the police view these individuals as lacking in respect of law and expect them to continue engaging in crime. This is the reason why the juvenile system attempts to hide the criminal records of young offenders since if the record is public, it will have a negative impact on the future of the individual. Judith and Tina (2003) elaborate that the criminal records of an individual will deny them certain opportunities such as obtaining jobs or advancing in their education and this might prompt the offender to commit new crime.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Howard Beckers Labelling Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory also highlights the role that the criminal justice system has in increasing crime. Becker (1966) suggests that the court system can have a negative impact in its efforts at deterring future offending. By labelling the defendant as deviant, the court will increase the chances of future offending by the individual. The labelling theory also explains why some crimes appear to be more prevalent than others are. Becker (1963) explains that some particular kind of deviance might face the attention of the society or authorities. Activities aimed at controlling this behaviour might therefore result in arrest of individuals who engage in this deviant acts. For example, the all out attack by the US government on drug use during the 1980s led to an overrepresentation of drug-related crimes in the society. If the society labels a certain act as deviant and then focuses on it, the perception that this â€Å"crime† is on the rise will follow. The labelling theory also recognizes how the society groups together those who have broken some agreed-upon rules. A person is no longer viewed as an ind ividual but rather as a member of a homogeneous category that is made up of other people who have committed a similar crime. Because of this categorization, the individual is at risk of being rejected by the social groups he once belonged to (Walklate 2007). His family and friends may severe ties with him and this isolation will be detrimental to the well being of the individual. The labelled individual is therefore likely to join the deviant group or sub-culture that society assumes him to belong to and since this new group will accept him, he is likely to engage in further deviant acts. McGrath (2009) best articulates this by stating that people act in a manner that reinforces their label. As such, those who have been categorized by the society as deviant, or those who view themselves as deviant, most likely end up acting in the way that society expects them to (McGrath, 2009). Labelling Theory’s View on Criminality According to the labelling theory, being labelled has an e ffect on the sense of self. An Individual who engages in deviance might do this for various reasons that do not include his self-identity. However, once the person is labelled as a deviant, his perception of himself changes from normal to deviant.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With this newly formed identity, the person begins to define and think of himself in terms of the deviant label he has been given. Becker (1963) theorizes that the deviant status obtained from breaking a rule becomes a master status. The individual is therefore doomed to be a deviant first and any other status consideration will take a secondary role. Such a person is likely to engage in crime since he already views himself as a criminal. The Labelling Theory further reveals that not all people labelled as deviant may have broken societal rules. Labelling by society is sometimes generalizing and a person can be labelled as a deviant when they have in fact not engaged in any deviant act yet. Becker (1993) observes that because of being publicly labelled as deviant, individuals go to the next logical step, which is engaging in career deviance. The labelling theory also proposes that the deviant label makes it more likely that an individual will engage in other kinds of crimes in addit ion to the crime for which he was initially labelled. Plummer (2000) corroborates this view by observing that when a person is apprehended for one deviant act, they are predisposed to taking part in other deviant behaviour since they will be regarded as deviant by the society and are more likely to engage with other similarly labelled people. This argument is supported by facts surrounding the US Juvenile Justice System. In the mid 1990s, governors all over the US proposed sending of juvenile offenders to the adult system in order to reduce crime through deterrence. Data indicates that the young offenders who went through the adult system left the correctional facilities with a higher propensity for committing crime due to the label that they acquired (Clausmeier 2007). The stigma attached to the label also has implications on the social behaviour of the individual. A study by McCarney (2002) found that the status of being an ex-criminal has a negative influence a persons future emp loyability and causes a loss of social status. In addition to this, individuals with criminal records are stereotyped and regarded as criminals even though they served their sentence and therefore paid for their past misdeeds. In most cases, the former offenders have been reformed and are ready to be productive members of the society. However, the attitude and treatment they get from the society leads them to transform their identities to fit the deviant label (Slattery 2003). Due to this, the individual is more likely to engage in criminal activity either to make a living or as a way of lashing out at the society. The Labelling Theory suggests that the criminal justice system would benefit greatly if sensitivity to crime and deviant behaviour increased. If this happens, a restorative approach that questions the evidence of punishment and labelling as the best way to respond to crime will be adopted. Mesmaecker (2010) declares that this approach will alleviate the alienation of the parties within the legal process and greatly reduce the feelings of injustice that the offenders feel. With such an approach, a person who has engaged in crime in the past will not feel obligated to repeat the offense since they do not regard the deviant behaviour as part of their identity. Conclusion This paper set out to analyze Becker’s Labelling theory and expound on its views on crime and criminality. The labelling theory explorers the impact that being labelled as an outsider may have on the individual. It reveals that the outsider status causes one to engage in anti-social activity since society already expects them to do so. The paper has analyzed how labelling leads to an increase in crime since otherwise normal individuals form an identity that conforms to the label attached to them. When they have been labelled, these people come to believe that the label is true and they therefore adopt the deviant identity and invariably begin acting in deviant ways. From the lab elling theory, it is evident that the society is responsible for the prevalence of crime since it turns individuals into deviants by labelling them as such. It is therefore possible for crime and criminality to be alleviated by reducing the instances of labelling and treating former offenders in a civil and social way. Reference Becker, H 1963, Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance, Free Press, New York. Clausmeier, D 2007, â€Å"Child criminal justice†, Journal of Quantitative Criminology 18(1): 171-173. Judith, B Tina, M 2003, â€Å"Child and Adolescent†, Social Work Journal, 20(2): 85-98. McCarney, W 2002, â€Å"Restorative justice: International approaches†, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 3 (1): 2-13. McGrath, A 2009, â€Å"Offenders’ Perceptions of the Sentencing Process: A Study of Deterrence and Stigmatisation in the New South Wales Children’s Court†, The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 41 (1): 24-46. Mesmaecker, V 2010, â€Å"Building social support for restorative justice through the media: is taking the victim perspective the most appropriate strategy?†, Contemporary Justice Review, 13 (3): 239–267. Plummer, K 2000, â€Å"Labelling theory†, Historical, Conceptual, and Theoretical Issues, 1(1): 191-194. Regoli, R 2009, Delinquency in Society, Jones Bartlett Learning, NY. Slattery, M 2003, Key Ideas in Sociology, Nelson Thornes, Boston. Walklate, S 2007, Understanding Criminology, McGraw-Hill International, NY.

Using different teaching strategies to improve the performance of Assignment

Using different teaching strategies to improve the performance of nursing students with different learning styles - Assignment Example Over the past years, the utility derived from matching the learning styles to the appropriate teaching methods has widely been discussed (Bostrà ¶m, 2013). It is believed that in a case where the students are presented with difficult information and new courses, a great change is observed when the individual’s learning style is correctly matched to the teaching strategy (Aina-Popoola, 2014; Luo et.al, 2014). This literature review seeks to establish the different student’s learning styles, the specific challenges facing the facilitators in nursing education as well as the creative teaching strategies that can be integrated in nursing teaching to improve on the learning efficiency. It is hypothesized that the different learning styles and teaching strategies have an effect on nursing student learning. The following literature review from the last five years therefore seeks to demonstrate and support this hypothesis. In a study by Amina and Houaida (2012) that sought to identify the learning styles preferred by the nursing students in Nursing and Technical Institute of Alexandria, 288 nursing students were involved in the study. 169 of the students were from the faculty of nursing while 119 were from the technical nursing institution. Both the comparative and the descriptive research study designs were used in the study. From this study, it was evident that the most prominent learning style preferred by the nursing students in Egypt was kinesthetic style. Further, statistical analysis of the data collected in the study revealed a significant difference between age and the score of the particular nursing courses. It is from these findings that the researcher concluded that there exist a number of learning styles preferred by the nursing students of which can be adequately exploited by the nursing educators in coming up with appropriate techniques and